Mehrwert Leistungsmanagement – ein Plus für das Firmenimage

Machen Sie nicht die Augen zu – handeln Sie!

Tatsache ist: 59 Millionen Fehltage wegen psychischer Erkrankungen, ein Anstieg von 80% in den letzten 15 Jahren. Nach Ministeriumsangaben führt dies zu einem Ausfall an Bruttowertschöpfung von über 10 Milliarden Euro (Stressreport 2012). 31% der Frühberentungen bei Angestellten gehen auf psychische Störungen zurück. Können wir uns dies überhaupt noch leisten?

Betroffen sind vor allem Leistungsträger: Führungskräfte 32%, Wissenschaftler 40%, Techniker 23%, des weiteren Mitarbeiter mit viel Kundenkontakt, helfende Berufe.

Die Arbeitswelt hat sich durch die Globalisierung verändert

Die Arbeit wird zunehmend entgrenzt, die Arbeitsinhalte und Abläufe werden immer mehr verdichtet, Arbeitsprozesse verlangen mehr Flexibilität und unternehmerische Verantwortung wird nach unten verlagert. Besonders belastend sind psychisch fordernde Dienstleistungstätigkeiten.

Als Folge nimmt die psychische Belastung zu und blockiert jedes Innovationsdenken. Die Kollegialität leidet und Verantwortung beginnt zu diffundieren. Die Effektivität sinkt.

Burnout ist keine psychiatrische Erkrankung wie eine Depression. Seine Alarmsymptome sind: chronisch emotionale Erschöpfung, berufliche Ineffizienz und Zynismus. Siehe auch unseren Artikel „Stress: Wenn Motivation zum Burnout wird“.

Eine Burnout-Prävention verbessert das Image

des Unternehmens und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. Es bewirkt eine bessere Mitarbeiterbindung und somit bessere Leistungen bei weniger Krankheitstagen. Ein besseres Arbeitsklima erzeugt eine positive Atmosphäre, die mehr Kreativität frei setzt. Als Resultat ist ein höherer Gewinn zu erwarten.

Burnout-Prävention ist Chefsache

Gute Arbeit – gesunde Arbeit: Diese Punkte können unnötiger Arbeitsunfähigkeit vorbeugen:

  • Wenn Arbeitnehmer sich mit ihrer Arbeit durch Kollegen, Chefs und Qualifizierungsmöglichkeiten unterstützt fühlen
  • Wenn sie Einfluss auf die Arbeit nehmen und sich dabei entwickeln können
  • Wenn sie subjektiv weniger Fehlbelastungen empfinden wie Über- oder Unterforderung
  • Wenn sie fair bezahlt und wertgeschätzt werden

Dr. med. Vinzenz Mansmann, Burnout-Spezialis in Bad Waldsee, weiß aus 30-jähriger Praxiserfahrung: „Durch unprofessionelles Abwarten oder Probieren wird wertvolle Zeit verschwendet.“

Geben Sie Ihrem Firmenimage einen Mehrwert. Etablieren Sie ein Leistungsmanagementsystem. Mehr Informationen zum Thema auch unter www.pharmoveo.de/aktuelles.

Technical transfer of testing methods – new guideline

The European Commission (EC) has released the draft revision for its good manufacturing practice (GMP) guideline—chapter 6 Quality Control including a new section addressing the technical transfer of testing methods and other items including out-of-specification results.

 A public consultation was launched earlier this year with comments due on 18 July 2013. The EC stated that these revisions were needed to reflect the latest thinking relating to best practices.

 

Chapter 6 Quality Control:

IN SUMMARY The chapter states that test methods should be verified to ensure that they are the same as those validated in the original marketing authorisation dossier. Technology transfer between testing facilities must be documented and tested to ensure that 1) it is the same technology, 2) operators are adequately trained, 3) standards are maintained and 4) acceptance criteria is established.

IN DETAIL Technical transfer of testing methods

6.37   Prior to transferring a test method, the transferring site should verify that the test method(s) comply with those as described in the Marketing Authorisation or the relevant technical dossier.  The original validation of the test method(s) should be reviewed to ensure compliance with current ICH/VICH requirements.  A gap analysis should be performed and documented to identify any supplementary validation that should be performed, prior to commencing the technical transfer process.

6.38   The transfer of test methodology from one laboratory (transferring laboratory) to another laboratory (receiving laboratory) should be described in a written protocol.

6.39   The protocol should include, but not be limited to, the following parameters:

  • identification of the relevant test method(s) undergoing transfer
  • Identification of the additional training requirements
  • identification of standards and samples to be tested by both laboratories
  • identification of any special transport and storage conditions of test items
  • identification of the testing to be performed
  • the acceptance criteria which should be based upon the current validation study of the methodology and with respect to ICH/VICH requirements

6.40   Deviations from the protocol should be investigated prior to closure of the technical transfer process.  The technical transfer report should document the comparative outcome of the process and should identify areas requiring further test method revalidation, if applicable.

6.41     Where appropriate, specific requirements described in others European Guidelines, should be addressed for the transfer of particular testing methods (e.g Near Infrared Spectroscopy).

 

 

Additional drafts that were released at the same time are good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines—chapters 3, 5 and 8. Comments are as well due on 18 July 2013.

The proposed changes, also available at the EC’s website, are summarised below:

Chapter 3 Premises and Equipment: Section 6 has been revised to address the prevention of cross-contamination in facilities that manufacture multiple products lines. This topic is also addressed in chapter 5. Manufacturers are advised to follow quality-risk-management principles to assess and control all present or inherent risks in the facility.

Reference is made to a new complementary guidance on toxicological assessments relative to setting carryover limits in shared facilities and equipment. The chapter states that risk assessment should include among other parameters a toxicological evaluation of the products being manufactured.

In cases where cross-contamination cannot be adequately controlled by operational or technical measures, the facility will not be allowed to manufacture multiple product lines. The same applies to cases where scientific data does not support threshold values or if threshold values are too difficult to detect.

Chapter 5 Production: The chapter contains several new revisions, including refined guidance on where products should and should not be manufactured (i.e., not in the presence of non-medical products) and the use of technical poisons like pesticides or herbicides (which should not be used in the presence of medical products). Revisions of sections 17–20 are intended to address cross-contamination and refer to toxicological assessment guidance.

Sections 26–28 on the qualification of supplies have been revised to reflect the legal obligation of manufacturing authorisation holders to ensure that active substances are produced in accordance with GMP. The changes also address supply chain traceability in agreement with requirements set out in the 2011 Falsified Medicines Directive.

The chapter states that supporting evidence for each supplier/material approval should be maintained. Staff involved in these activities should have a current knowledge of the suppliers, the supply chain and the associated risks involved. Where possible, starting materials should be purchased directly from the manufacturer of the starting material.

This requirement applies to APIs and excipients which are considered to pose a particular risk to the quality of the medicinal product, as explained in the chapter. All starting materials used in the production of medicines should be tested, as should the finished product.

Section 33 has been incorporated to provide clarification on the testing of starting materials as well as to harmonise expectations of manufacturers in this aspect. Section 68 introduces guidance on notification of regulatory authorities of potential drug shortages.

Chapter 8 Complaints, Quality Defects and Product Recalls: Changes have been made to incorporate quality-risk-management principles when investigating quality defects/complaints and when making decisions on product recalls or other risk-mitigating actions; to stress on the need to determine the cause(s) of quality defects/complaints so that necessary actions can be put in place to prevent or minimise recurrence; and to clarify expectations and responsibilities regarding the investigation and reporting of quality defects/complaints to the proper authority.

Risk Evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients

The EU Commission has issued Guidelines for the risk evaluation of pharmaceutical excipients for consultation until April 30th 2013  – fulfilling the request from the Directive 2011/83/EC, Article 47 which says:

„The principles of good manufacturing practice for active substances used as starting materials referred to in point (f) of Article 46 shall be adopted in the form of detailed guidelines.“

The three Guidelines with the titles

  • Determination of appropriate GMP based on type of excipient 
  • Determination of Excipient Manufacturer’s Risk Profile 
  • Confirmation of Application of Appropriate GMP

were not issued separately, but are comprised in one document entitled „Guidelines on the formalised risk assessment for ascertaining the appropriate Good Manufacturing Practice for excipients of medicinal products for human use“.

The first Guideline „Determination of appropriate GMP based on type of excipients“ initially refers on the ICH Q9 Guide „Quality Risk Management“ incorporated in Part III of the EU GMP Guide. The quality risk management principles described there are also to be applied to pharmaceutical excipients. In addition the new Guideline contains specific criteria for the risk evaluation in regard to

  • The origin of the excipient 
  • The dosage form and use of the medicinal product in which it is used

Finally the Guideline lists a number of GMP principles that have to be followed by the excipient manufacturer at minimum.

The second Guideline „Determination of Excipient Manufacturer’s Risk Profile“ requires the creation of a weak point analysis based on data e.g. from audits at the API manufacturer. It also has to be considered whether the excipient manufacturer is accredited or whether his QM system is certified. Based on the risk profile determined an appropriate control strategy has to be established.

The last Guideline „Confirmation of Application of Appropriate GMP“ requires a permanent examination of the excipient’s and manufacturer’s risk profile. For that purpose the Guideline provides the following 5 observation criteria:

  • Number of quality defects in excipient batches 
  • Type and severity of the defects 
  • Loss of accreditation at the excipient manufacturer 
  • Trends at the quality attributes of the medicinal product (depending on nature and role of the excipient in the dosage form) 
  • Audit (re-Audit) at the excipient manufacturer

The document „Guidelines on the formalised risk assessment…“ with the Guideline drafts is available on the EU Commission’s News site of the EU Commission – open for consultation until 30 April 2013. Here you will get directly to the document: http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/gmp/2013-02_guidelines_excipients_cons.pdf.

The implementation of the new requirements will be covered e.g. at an ECA training course on GMP and GDP for Pharmaceutical Excipients in Prague, October 15th-16th,2013.

Shareconomy – sharing knowledge increases knowledge

Knowledge is the most important resource of the information age. It is a hard-hitting competitive factor in an era when new knowledge keeps overtaking the old at an ever-more rapid pace. It is therefore crucial for companies to exploit their know-how and competencies as thoroughly as possible.

Sharing platforms have already demonstrated their value in innovative companies, enabling staff to exchange information across department boundaries. As they do so, this social communication promotes the formation of powerful teams benefiting from individuals’ bundled professional knowledge. The communication also facilitates searches for in-house specialists who can quickly explain difficult matters. Micro-blogging and instant-messaging services target a project’s participants and distribute information to them quickly. Forums also serve as platforms for fast and unbureaucratic discussions of internal processes, problems and potential improvements.

In addition, these approaches to sharing can create transparency within the company. This is because employees often work parallel to one another on similar issues. A more broadly based access to content – e.g. to analyses, proposals or customer reports – saves time while boosting efficiency. Centrally accessible blogs, wikis and FAQs are a channel making employees’ specialized knowledge accessible to a wider group. These solutions become essential if a responsible party’s departure would result in the loss of knowledge.

The scenarios for knowledge-sharing and participation are not immobile at all. Field representatives benefit from access to a centralized pool of knowledge. They can call up company information during their field work, such as visits to the clients, and use it purposefully in their dealings with them.

Even beyond the limits of the company, the shareconomy has become a critical factor for success. For example, there is a demand for elements that integrate suppliers and customers into internal processes. This especially applies to intercompany cooperation and research projects with universities. Information technologies play an increasingly important role in a growing number of industry sectors, including plant engineering and logistics.  Social Media can be used to easily integrate external partner, consultants, supplier and customer into your companies processes (Prof. Dieter Kempf, DATEV eG, #01-2013 www.B4BMITTELSTAND.DE).

After „Cloud Technology“ in 2011 and „Managing Trust“ in 2012, „Shareconomy“ is the keynote theme for CeBIT 2013. Cloud-based applications are clearly on the rise, and have now earned user trust. Successful companies benefit from the expertise of their partners and thus increase their odds of success – since knowledge is the resource that you increase by sharing. How does Your company share knowledge?

The utility model – das Gebrauchsmuster – application strategies

You can apply  to postpone the publication of a utility model (Antrag auf Aussetzung). Doing so you can decide at which timepoint to register your utility model. This can be either directly after filing the application or at an individually choosen later point in time until the expiration of a period of 15 months beginning either with the day of filing the application or the priority date (Sec. 8 (1) Utility Model Law, Sec. 49 (2) Patent Law).

ADVANTAGES: Postponement may be useful if the applicant intends to

1. file an application in non-member States of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 

2. make preparations in view of the commercial exploitation of the invention

3. wait for the result of a search before the registration of the utility model. The request for ascertainment of publications (search request) may be submitted at the time of filing the application, but also at a later date.

IMPORTANT TO KNOW: No industrial property right arises prior to registration. You can withdraw your request on postponement at any time.

 

For filing a utility model in Germany you must use request form G 6003 issued by the German Patent and Trade Mark Office. Together with the request, you must furnish a technical description of the invention. Furthermore you must submit claims. You can – but need not – enclose drawings showing details of your invention.

For more detailed information please read the brochure Information for Utility Model Applicants (http://www.dpma.de/docs/service/formulare_eng/gebrauchsmuster_eng/g6181_1.pdf).

 

Gesunde Arbeit – Wege aus der Tretmühle

Der Stress im Job steigt. Wie damit umgehen? Wie sieht gesunde Arbeit aus?

Eine Aufgabe nach der anderen Erledigen – Telefon und EMail im Block abarbeiten. Bei komplexen Aufgaben 50-55 Minuten arbeiten, 5-10 Minuten pausieren mit Bewegung und frischer Luft. Bei körperlicher Arbeit auf den eigenen Körper hören. Das Gehirn baut ab, wenn Arbeit monoton ist – Angebot unterschiedlicher Tätigkeiten führt zum Effizienzerhalt ebenso wie Erfolg und positives Feedback.

Gesunde Arbeit ist Arbeit, bei der viel soziale Unterstützung, Wertschätzung und Handlungsspielraum vorhanden sind und Leistungsdruck vermieden wird sagt Michael Kastner, Professor für Organisationpsychologie and der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Arbeitspsychologie und Arbeitsmedizin.

Was nützt beispielsweise die perfekte Zeitplanung im Büro, wenn Ihre Beziehung zur Arbeit nicht auch geklärt ist? Was helfen wirksame Entspannungs-Rituale, wenn die Beziehungen zu den Familien-Mitgliedern unentspannt sind und hier Stress entsteht? Und was helfen die ausgeklügelsten Stressmanagement-Strategien, wenn ihnen unklar ist, welche Lebensziele damit erreicht werden sollen?

Wenn Sie auf irgendeiner Stufe Ihrer Lebenspyramide mit dem Vereinfachen beginnen, hat das Auswirkungen auf alle anderen Ebenen. Deswegen tut es so gut, einen überfüllten Kleiderschrank oder ein chaotisches Büro auszumisten… (Werner Tiki Küstenmacher, simplify your life-Autor)

 

8. Spiritualität:
über das eigene Leben hinausdenken, Sinn erleben

7. Sie selbst:
sich enträtseln, Lebensziel entdecken, entstressen

 

6. Partnerschaft:
entfalten, entfesseln, entstressen

5. Beziehungen:
entinseln, entfesseln, entstressen

 

4. Gesundheit:
entspannen, entschlacken, entstressen

3. Zeit:
entschleunigen, entperfektionieren, entstressen

 

2. Geld:
entschulden, entzaubern

 

1. Sachen:
entrümpeln, entstapeln

Innovations in Healthcare – Creating greater value

Once upon a time in the world of healthcare, the only competition for a pharmaceutical company was other pharmaceutical companies.

Times have changed. Pharma companies are now competing with many nontraditional players in the healthcare arena, including electronic and mobile health firms, retailers, financial services companies and IT firms. Healthcare is no longer about just making a new medicine, but about

creating greater value for patients, providers and payers, and encouraging a more active and healthy lifestyle!

We often talk about manufacturing innovations, such as new dosage forms or more efficient manufacturing techniques, but let’s have a look at some of the innovations that have been made in the healthcare industry as a whole.

Microchips

A recent report from PricewaterhouseCoopers explained that microchips are being developed that will enable doctors to tell whether patients are taking their prescribed medicines. Nonadherence is a serious issue because it increases healthcare costs, increases patient deaths and belittles pharma manufacturers and scientists who have spent years developing a new drug or treatment.

Earlier this year, biomedical company Proteus Biomedical partnered with Lloyds Pharmacy to launch edible microchips. Data from the chips could be sent to phones (such as those belonging to doctors or a patient’s relatives) using Bluetooth technology.

Other companies are also pursuing similar technologies. PricewaterhouseCoopers further added that other implants in the pipeline include devices capable of injecting drugs at prespecified times.

Mobile health

A 2012 study has shown that 75% of the world’s population have access to a mobile phone, which means there is an enormous market for remote diagnostic tools and healthcare related apps. Indeed, many pharmaceutical companies (and other nontraditional companies) have launched apps designed to aid disease management or to enable remote monitoring.

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, the app store Heppatique has launched a pilot programme that enables doctors to prescribe certain apps as part of a healthcare package.

Interestingly, mobile phones are also being used by pharmaceutical manufacturers, for example, to easily access protocols or guidelines, or to remotely monitor certain systems and equipment.

Video games

In the eighties video games were about plumbers jumping on turtles and blue hedgehogs running as fast as recklessly possible. Now, video games are being developed to encourage people to live more healthy lives, such as games that involve physical exercise. These games don’t just target patients, but everyone, and are blurring the boundary between healthcare and entertainment, as titles about keeping fit and exercise continue to emerge and top the gaming charts. Nintendo’s popular exercise game Wii Fit has even been incorporated into hospital physiotherapy programmes.

Video games are also being used in other ways. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers, HopeLab, a nonprofit organisation that aims to use technology to improve the health of children, has launched a video game designed to foster a positive attitude in young cancer patients. In the game, Re-Mission, players pilot a nanobot that travels through the body, destroying cancer cells, fighting infection and managing side effects from cancer treatments. HopeLab is also working on a new project targeting obesity. The project involves rewarding children for physical activity.

Pharmaceutical companies are also acknowledging the power and influence of video games. In 2010, Bayer unveiled a blood glucose meter in the US that connected to Nintendo DS and DS Lite consoles. Players receive points for testing blood sugar levels and meeting blood-glucose targets, which can then be used to unlock different levels in video games online.

New medicines are always going to be in demand, but while pharma companies are focusing efforts on drugs to treat lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes, obesity and high-blood pressure, and with drug development taking around 10 years, could companies find themselves outdone by other competitors seeking to make consumers healthy enough to avoid medication?

Continuous Wet Granulation – a positive case study

Continuous manufacturing is now becoming a trend as its advantages are being increasingly recognized. At the PDA/EMA joint conference, which took place early December 2012, Martin Wunderlich from F. Hoffmann-La Roche presented an industry case study on solid drug product manufacturing based on this concept. He explained how a continuous wet granulation process for one of the company’s product (referred to as ‘product X’ hereafter) was developed using a quality-by-design (QbD) approach and a control strategy based on process analytical technology (PAT), as well as the technical challenges involved in the development of the process.

Continuous wet granulation offers significant advantages in terms of the general working principles and a straightforward scale-up

versus batch manufacturing, says Wunderlich. In this example, product residence in the granulator was less than 10 seconds with continuous wet granulation compared with batch manufacturing, which took 15 to 30 minutes for the granulation of the entire batch of product X. More importantly, in continuous wet granulation, each subfraction of the batch was subjected to the same processing conditions, providing a steady state for the vast majority of processing, including the start-up and shut-down phases, whereas for batch granulation, one has to question whether the shear energy and granulation liquid distribution were even throughout the entire batch. For the same reason, scale-up effects are difficult to predict for batch granulation because the dramatic changes in equipment surface area and volume would mean that the product experiences different conditions in both small and large scales. In contrast, time scaling occurs under identical process conditions for small to very large batches in continuous wet granulation and the same equipment is used for both development and commercial manufacturing.

 

 

 

Several key drivers that led to the adoption of continuous manufacturing at Roche were highlighted, for example,

process control was enhanced, apart from the

reduction in development time and cost, to name a few. Continuous manufacturing also

facilitated scale-up and offered

high flexibility through variable batch size.

The company’s experience with the process development of continuous wet granulation for product X demonstrated that a comprehensive process understanding could be achieved in a short time despite its challenges, such as the

need for more complex equipment design and controls, as well as the

professional data management system required for the various process controls and PAT tools.

Data presented by the speaker showed that both continuous and batch processes resulted in similar product quality with comparable in vitro performance.

APV lokale Gruppe Oberbayern

APV lokale Gruppe Oberbayern 2013

„Beim traditionellen Neujahrsrudern verlor unsere Mannschaft haushoch gegen die Konkurrenz. Der Vorstand setzte eine Kommission ein, um die Gründe zu klären. Ergebnis nach neun Monaten: Wahrscheinlich lag es daran, dass im Boot acht Steuermänner saßen und nur ein Ruderer. Lösungsvorschlag des Vorstands: Den Ruderer besser motivieren.“ Quelle anonym

Auch im Jahr 2013 laden die APV und ich Sie herzlich ein, zu einem regen Gedankenaustausch über Erfahrungen und Neuigkeiten aus Beruf und Gesellschaft. Es würde mich freuen, Sie und auch viele neue Gesichter begrüßen zu dürfen! Senden Sie diese  Einladung gerne an Kollegen/Innen und Freunde/Innen weiter.

31. Januar 2013, 19:30 Uhr

„Motiviert in das neue Jahr oder Leben im Projektteam: Was motiviert mich. Wie motiviere ich andere. Ein Austausch über IST-Situationen und Möglichkeiten“

Kaminzimmer im Asam-Schlössl, Maria-Einsiedelstr. 45, München (www.asamschloessl.de); Parkmöglichkeiten am Haus und auf dem ausgeschilderten Parkplatz; öffentlich über U3-Obersendling oder S-Bahn Siemenswerke erreichbar

25 April 2013, 19:30 Uhr

„Zurück von der TechnoPharm. Neuigkeiten vom Messebesuch.“

Stadtschreiberei im Hofer Der Stadtwirt, Burgstr. 5, München (www.hofer-der-stadtwirt.de);

Erreichbar mit U oder S-Bahn bis zum Marienplatz oder mit der Straßenbahn Linie 19, Haltestelle Nationaltheater oder Haltestelle Theatinerstraße; Parkmöglichkeit Parkhaus am Opernplatz

25. Juli 2013, 19:30 Uhr

„Qualitätsmanagement in der Entwicklung – Erfahrungsaustausch“

Lola-Montez-Stüberl im Gutshof Menterschwaige, Menterschwaigstr. 4, München (www.menterschwaige.de); großer Parkplatz direkt am Haus; öffentlich mit der Tram 15 oder 25 Haltestelle Menterschwaige; BEI SCHÖNEM WETTER IM BIERGARTEN des Gutshofs

24. Oktober 2013, 17 Uhr Brauereiführung, ca. 18 Uhr Fischerstüberl

„Arzneimittel und Bier – ein Produktionsvergleich“

Hacker-Pschorr-Bräuhaus, Theresienhöhe 7, München (www.hacker-pschorrbräu.de); Parkhaus vorhanden; öffentlich erreichbar u.a. über U4/U5 Haltestelle Theresienwiese, S-Bahn Haltestelle Hackerbrücke; Anmeldung erforderlich bis zum 10.10.2013 bei Julia Schulze Nahrup (jsn@pharmoveo.de)

 

Mit freundlichen Grüßen,

Julia Schulze Nahrup

Open Evaluation: über die Zukunft wissenschaftlicher Publikationen

Bevor ein wissenschaftlicher Artikel in ein Fachmagazin kommt, muss er begutachtet werden.

Das passiert mittels Peer-Reviews. Einer oder mehrere Experten des entsprechenden Gebietes bewerten den Artikel. Welche Experten das sind, entscheidet meist der Herausgeber des Fachmagazins.

Dies ist im Zeitalter des Internets nicht mehr optimal postuliert Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, ein Neurowissenschaftler von der Universität in Cambridge.

Eine Verzögerung der Veröffentlichung oft um viele Monate bremst den Fortschritt.

Wichtige und kontroverse Ergebnisse bedürfen intensiver Prüfung. Diese ist durch einige, wenige Gutachter eingeschränkt.

Nikolaus Kriegeskorte plädiert in einem Essay des seit kurzem auch in Deutsch erhältlichen Magazins „NewScientist“ für eine  „open evaluation“. Das bedeutet, die wissenschaftlichen Artikel sollten von der Forschungsgemeinschaft bewertet werden können – anstatt von einzelnen Gutachtern. Außerdem sollten die Bewertungen veröffentlicht und nicht in Aktenschränken archiviert werden.

Die Evaluation ist dann ein steter Prozess, der unbegrenzt Beiträge erlaubt und sich selbst revidieren kann.
Unterzeichnete Urteile haben mehr Gewicht wie anonyme. Ein Algorithmus kann dann das Material, das mit dem Artikel verbunden ist, auswerten, strukturieren und jedem Artikel eine Gesamtbewertung zuweisen. Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft wie die Society for Neuroscience könnte eine Evaluationsfunktion definieren und auf einem Web-Portal ihre Perspektive auf die Literatur anbieten. Hier könnten Politik und Industrie ergänzen. Die Vorteile:

Die Wissenschaft kann schnell neue Einsichten integrieren und gegebenenfalls revidieren.

Die Bewertung ist eine kleine Veröffentlichung und so eine Motivation zur Teilnahme.

Einen Schritt in diese Richtung unter den pharmazeutischen Medien geht das online-Journal „Results in Pharma Sciences“ von Elsevier. Hier können eine Gruppe von Reviewern an Hand der Zusammenfassung aussuchen, welches Manuskript sie reviewen möchten. Elsevier nennt dieses Verfahren PeerChoice.

Wer weitere Pulbikationen zum Thema open evaluation lesen möchte, der sei verwiesen auf  den Blog „the future of scientific publishing“ (http://futureofscipub.wordpress.com/).